Proximate Analysis and Calorific Value of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Palm Oil Biomass Pellets as a Renewable Energy Source
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56862/irajtma.v4i2.205Keywords:
Empty Fruit Bunches, Biomass, Bio-pellets, Calorific Value.Abstract
The palm oil industry in Indonesia generates a large amount of solid waste in the form of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB). This waste is often underutilized and poses environmental challenges. The high lignocellulosic content of EFB offers significant potential for its development as a renewable biomass fuel. This study aims to evaluate the proximate composition and calorific value of EFB to assess its feasibility as a raw material for bio pellets. The experimental procedures included drying, shredding, grinding, and palletization, followed by laboratory testing based on SNI 8021:2014, SNI 7709:2019, and EN ISO 17225 standards. The results showed a moisture content of 7.85% and an ash content of 7.97%, both within acceptable limits, although the ash level was relatively high. Furthermore, EFB contained 24.20% carbohydrates and 37.99% crude fiber, which contributes to the structural stability of the bio pellets. The calorific value obtained was 1200 kcal/kg, which is considerably lower than values reported in previous studies (≥3500 kcal/kg). These findings highlight the potential of EFB as a renewable energy source while underscoring the need for process optimization to meet quality standards, with possible applications in small-scale and household energy generation.
References
Abu Bakar, Nasrin; May, Choo Yuen; Lim, Joseph; Lim, Stephen; Chin, Eddy; Loh, Song Kheang; Soon, Lim Weng, M Yunus, M Yusman; 2015. “Improved Process for the Production of Low-Ash Empty Fruit Bunch Pellet.” MPOB Information Series 706, 2015. www.mpob.gov.my.
Adlie, T. A., Z. Arif, F. Amir, S. Rizal, N. Ali, S. Huzni, S. Thalib, and S. Suheri. 2018. “Pengaruh Beban Tarik Terhadap Variasi Ukuran Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Kekuatan Tarik Komposit Polymeric Foam.” JURUTERA - Jurnal Umum Teknik Terapan 5 (01): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.55377/JURUTERA.V5I01.708.
Alamsyah, Rizal, and Dadang Supriatna. 2018. “Analisis Teknik dan Tekno Ekonomi Pengolahan Biomassa Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Pelet Sebagai Bahan Bakar Terbarukan Skala Produksi.” Warta IHP/Journal of Agro-Based Industry 35 (1): 1–10.
Arif, Z., T. A. Adlie, F. Amir, S. Thalib, N. Ali, N. Nazaruddin, and M. Mustafa. 2017. “Tensile Loading on Composite Polymeric Foam Reinforced by Empty Fruit Bunch Waste (EFB).” International Conference on Science, Technology and Modern Society 1 (1): 168–171. https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/icstms/article/view/584.
Arif, Z., and Nasruddin. 2014. “Respon Parking Bumper Bahan Komposit Polymeric Foam Diperkuat Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Akibat Beban Tekan Statik Dan Dinamik (Simulasi Numerik).” JURUTERA - Jurnal Umum Teknik Terapan 1 (02): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.55377/JURUTERA.V1I02.740.
Aulia, Sekar, Zainuddin Ginting, Dede Ibrahim Muthawali, Ishak Ishak, Muhammad Muhammad, Eddi Kurniawan, dan Budhi Santri Kusuma. 2024. “Karakteristik Biopelet Dari Limbah Kulit Kelapa Muda Dan Batok Kelapa Menggunakan Perekat Getah Pinus Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif”. IRA Jurnal Teknik Mesin Dan Aplikasinya (IRAJTMA) 3 (1):119-29. https://doi.org/10.56862/irajtma.v3i1.61.
Azzahro, H., N. Indrasti, and A. I. Industri. 2022. “Penerapan Produksi Bersih pada Industri Kelapa Sawit di PT YZ.” Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian 32 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.24961/j.tek.ind.pert.2022.32.1.1.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). 2019. SNI 7709:2019 Bahan Bakar Padat – Penentuan Kadar Air. Jakarta: BSN.
Brunerová, Anna, Miroslav Müller, Vladimír Šleger, Himsar Ambarita, and Petr Valášek. 2018. “Bio-Pellet Fuel from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB): Using European Standards for Quality Testing.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 10 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124443.
Emilia, I., L. Ardila, and P. Anggraini. 2024. “Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Pupuk Kompos Di Desa Suka Damai Kecamatan Tunggal Jaya Musi Banyuasin.” Environmental Science Journal (Esjo): Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 2 (2): 34–39. https://doi.org/10.31851/ESJO.V2I2.15870.
Fahrizi, R. F., H. E. Saputra, F. Ekonomi, B. Islam, and I. P. Raya. 2023. “Valuasi Perkebunanan Kelapa Sawit dan Pemanfaatan Limbah sebagai Peluang Bisnis di Indonesia.” Al-Aflah 2 (2): 73–86. https://doi.org/10.23971/AL-AFLAH.V2I2.6838.
Haryanto, A., S. Waluyo, A. P. Utami, and S. Triyono. 2023. “Pengaruh Gaya Tekan Dan Waktu Penekanan Terhadap Karakteristik Pelet Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit.” Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa Pertanian Dan Biosistem 11 (1): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.29303/JRPB.V11I1.447.
Herdiningrat, R. A., E. Mardawati, S. H. Putri, and T. Yuliani. 2020. “Karakterisasi Bioetanol Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Dengan Metode Pemurnian Adsorpsi (Adsorpsi Menggunakan Adsorben Berupa Zeolit).” Jurnal Industri Pertanian 2 (1). https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/justin/article/view/26188.
Lucas, C., D. Szewczyk, W. Blasiak, and S. Mochida. 2004. “High-Temperature Air and Steam Gasification of Densified Biofuels.” Biomass and Bioenergy 27 (6): 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2003.08.015.
Maliki, S., Min Alfisyahri Program Studi Teknik Kimia, M., J. Teknik Kimia, N. Sriwijaya, P. Lama, B. Barat, I. Palembang, K. Selatan, and S. 2025. “Karakteristik Biopelet Berbasis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Dan Batubara Sub-Bituminous Untuk Energi Terbarukan.” Chemical Engineering Journal Storage (CEJS) 5 (3): 272–282. https://doi.org/10.29103/CEJS.V5I3.21836.
Mawardi, I., and R. Usman. 2019. “Peningkatan Karakteristik Biopellet Kayu Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif.” Prosiding Seminar Nasional Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe 3 (1): 230. https://e-jurnal.pnl.ac.id/semnaspnl/article/view/1722.
Permadani, R. L., and S. Silvia. 2022. “Sintesis Bioplastik Dari Selulosa Asetat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit: Sebuah Kajian.” Jurnal Integrasi Proses 11 (2): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.36055/JIP.V11I2.16553.
Suhasman, S., Yunianti Andi Detti, Pangestu Kidung Tirtayasa Putra, Agussalim, Kitta Ikhlas, Arisandi Heru, Rachmadona Nova, Darmawan Saptadi, and Pari Gustan. 2024. “Biopellets from Four Shrub Species for Co-Firing in East Indonesia.” Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 52 (6): 539–54. https://doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2024.52.6.539.
Wenas, Ari Akbariyanto, and Toto Hardianto. 2022. “Pengaruh Torefaksi Terhadap Pencucian Potassium Dalam Konversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Bahan Bakar Padat Ramah Lingkungan.” JMPM (Jurnal Material Dan Proses Manufaktur) 5 (2): 123–40. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmpm.v5i2.14109.
Yunaningsih, A., and Y. S. 2024. “Indikator Sirkularitas di dalam Tata Kelola Limbah Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Studi Kasus: Limbah Cair (POME) Pabrik Kelapa Sawit.” Jurnal IICET 2024. https://doi.org/10.29210/020243688.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 IRA Jurnal Teknik Mesin dan Aplikasinya (IRAJTMA)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
